{
  "cveId": "CVE-2025-21825",
  "url": "https://patchblox.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-21825",
  "summary": "CVE-2025-21825 is fixed in 61 products on 1 platform, first by DEBIAN-CVE-2025-21825, released March 6, 2025. It is not reported as exploited. Patch Radar priority: Routine.",
  "title": "bpf: Cancel the running bpf_timer through kworker for PREEMPT_RT",
  "description": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:  bpf: Cancel the running bpf_timer through kworker for PREEMPT_RT  During the update procedure, when overwrite element in a pre-allocated htab, the freeing of old_element is protected by the bucket lock. The reason why the bucket lock is necessary is that the old_element has already been stashed in htab-\u003Eextra_elems after alloc_htab_elem() returns. If freeing the old_element after the bucket lock is unlocked, the stashed element may be reused by concurrent update procedure and the freeing of old_element will run concurrently with the reuse of the old_element. However, the invocation of check_and_free_fields() may acquire a spin-lock which violates the lockdep rule because its caller has already held a raw-spin-lock (bucket lock). The following warning will be reported when such race happens:    BUG: scheduling while atomic: test_progs/676/0x00000003   3 locks held by test_progs/676:   #0: ffffffff864b0240 (rcu_read_lock_trace){....}-{0:0}, at: bpf_prog_test_run_syscall\u002B0x2c0/0x830   #1: ffff88810e961188 (\u0026htab-\u003Elockdep_key){....}-{2:2}, at: htab_map_update_elem\u002B0x306/0x1500   #2: ffff8881f4eac1b8 (\u0026base-\u003Esoftirq_expiry_lock){....}-{2:2}, at: hrtimer_cancel_wait_running\u002B0xe9/0x1b0   Modules linked in: bpf_testmod(O)   Preemption disabled at:   [\u003Cffffffff817837a3\u003E] htab_map_update_elem\u002B0x293/0x1500   CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 676 Comm: test_progs Tainted: G ... 6.12.0\u002B #11   Tainted: [W]=WARN, [O]=OOT_MODULE   Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX \u002B PIIX, 1996)...   Call Trace:   \u003CTASK\u003E   dump_stack_lvl\u002B0x57/0x70   dump_stack\u002B0x10/0x20   __schedule_bug\u002B0x120/0x170   __schedule\u002B0x300c/0x4800   schedule_rtlock\u002B0x37/0x60   rtlock_slowlock_locked\u002B0x6d9/0x54c0   rt_spin_lock\u002B0x168/0x230   hrtimer_cancel_wait_running\u002B0xe9/0x1b0   hrtimer_cancel\u002B0x24/0x30   bpf_timer_delete_work\u002B0x1d/0x40   bpf_timer_cancel_and_free\u002B0x5e/0x80   bpf_obj_free_fields\u002B0x262/0x4a0   check_and_free_fields\u002B0x1d0/0x280   htab_map_update_elem\u002B0x7fc/0x1500   bpf_prog_9f90bc20768e0cb9_overwrite_cb\u002B0x3f/0x43   bpf_prog_ea601c4649694dbd_overwrite_timer\u002B0x5d/0x7e   bpf_prog_test_run_syscall\u002B0x322/0x830   __sys_bpf\u002B0x135d/0x3ca0   __x64_sys_bpf\u002B0x75/0xb0   x64_sys_call\u002B0x1b5/0xa10   do_syscall_64\u002B0x3b/0xc0   entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe\u002B0x4b/0x53   ...   \u003C/TASK\u003E  It seems feasible to break the reuse and refill of per-cpu extra_elems into two independent parts: reuse the per-cpu extra_elems with bucket lock being held and refill the old_element as per-cpu extra_elems after the bucket lock is unlocked. However, it will make the concurrent overwrite procedures on the same CPU return unexpected -E2BIG error when the map is full.  Therefore, the patch fixes the lock problem by breaking the cancelling of bpf_timer into two steps for PREEMPT_RT: 1) use hrtimer_try_to_cancel() and check its return value 2) if the timer is running, use hrtimer_cancel() through a kworker to    cancel it again Considering that the current implementation of hrtimer_cancel() will try to acquire a being held softirq_expiry_lock when the current timer is running, these steps above are reasonable. However, it also has downside. When the timer is running, the cancelling of the timer is delayed when releasing the last map uref. The delay is also fixable (e.g., break the cancelling of bpf timer into two parts: one part in locked scope, another one in unlocked scope), it can be revised later if necessary.  It is a bit hard to decide the right fix tag. One reason is that the problem depends on PREEMPT_RT which is enabled in v6.12. Considering the softirq_expiry_lock lock exists since v5.4 and bpf_timer is introduced in v5.15, the bpf_timer commit is used in the fixes tag and an extra depends-on tag is added to state the dependency on PREEMPT_RT.  Depends-on: v6.12\u002B with PREEMPT_RT enabled",
  "published": "2025-03-06T16:15:54Z",
  "severity": "medium",
  "cvss": 4.7,
  "cvssVector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
  "epss": 0.00218,
  "epssPercentile": 0.12362,
  "priority": "Routine",
  "priorityTier": 4,
  "exploited": false,
  "vendorExploited": false,
  "disclosed": false,
  "vendorAdvisory": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-21825",
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  "dataAsOf": "2026-11-09T01:18:40Z",
  "attribution": {
    "text": "Data: Patchblox Patch Radar",
    "url": "https://patchblox.com/security/patch-radar",
    "terms": "https://patchblox.com/security/patch-radar/use-the-data"
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}